Molecules and Compounds

Terms

Electronegativity: Can be used to to determine type of bond based on electronegativity difference.
Ionic Bond
Covalent Bond
Polar Covalent Bond: Sharing of electrons.
Hydrogen Bond: Hydrogen is bonded with an electronegative element.

Prefixes

Prefix	Value
mono-
di-
tri-
tetra-
penta-

Prefix	Value
hexa-
hepta-
octa-
nona-
deca-

Formula Summary

Formal Charge （Option 1）

Given some element which has number of valance electrons, and a lewis diagram of bonded （） electrons and non-bonded （） electrons, the formal charge for the given element in the lewis structure is

For the given quantities

Formal Charge （Option 2）

Given some element which has number of valance electrons, and a lewis diagram of some number of bonds （） and dots （）, the formal charge for the given element in the lewis structure is

For the given quantities

Note: each bond is 2 electrons, but counts as one bond.

Polyatomic Ions

Remembering the number of oxygens

General

Given a set of oxygens in increasing order

Where

For example

Given some element or compound ionically bonded with such

For example

The following table denotes the naming conventions therein

Prefix	Prefix Meaning （relative to suffix）	Suffix	Oxygen Order	Example
Prefix	Prefix Meaning （relative to suffix）	Suffix	Oxygen Order	Formula	Name
Per-	More than	-ate	Highest #		Perchlorate
		-ate	Higher #		Chlorate
		-ite	Lower #		Chlorite
Hypo-	less than	-ite	Lowest #		Hypochlorite

Oxygen vs No-Oxygen Comparison

Prefix	Suffix	Meaning	Example	Name
Per-	-ate		or	Persulfate
	-ate			Sulfate
	-ite			Sulfite
Hypo-	-ite			Hyposulfite
	-ide	No oxygennon-metal		Sulfide

In summary

Per*ate

Greater than

*ate
*ite
Hypo*ite

*ate

Less than

Per*ate

Greater than

*ite
Hypo*ite

*ite

Less than

Per*ate
*ate

Greater than

Hypo*ite

Hypo*ite

Less than

Per*ate
*ate
*ite

Generally

per-ate	Used in the ion with the largest number of oxygen atoms
-ate-ite	Polyatomic ions of oxygen
hypo-ite	Used in the ion with the lowest number of oxygen atoms
-ide	Non-metal, no oxygens